Apollo 7

Following the tragedy of the January 1967 Apollo 1 launchpad fire, the success of this mission was a badly needed confidence builder. The Command Module had been extensively redesigned to eliminate the risk of another conflagration, and the programme had fallen behind schedule. This mission was primarily intended as a shakedown of the new Command Module and the Service Module, including the Service Propulsion System (SPS) that would be relied upon to place Apollo into and out of Lunar orbit.

The mission was a roaring success. Because it was launched without the Lunar Module, it was able to be placed into orbit by the smaller, more extensively tested Saturn 1B rather than the magnificent but still brand-new Saturn V. The SPS performed almost flawlessly on eight separate firings, and the larger and more commodious cabin was significantly more comfortable than the cramped quarters of the Gemini flights.

The eleven days in orbit, though, took their toll: The food was bad, and all three astronauts caught colds. But Apollo 7 demonstrated the spaceworthiness of the basic Apollo vehicle, and truly great deeds were very near in its future.

The primary objectives for the Apollo 7 engineering test flight, were simple: "Demonstrate CSM/crew performance; demonstrate crew/space vehicle/mission support facilities performance during a manned CSM mission; demonstrate CSM rendezvous capability"

11 October 1968, 11:02:45 EST. the day of the launch at Cape Kennedy was hot but the heat was tempered by a pleasant breeze when Apollo 7 lifted off in a two-tongued blaze of orange-colored flame. The Saturn IB, in its first trial with men aboard, provided a perfect launch and its first stage dropped off 2 minutes 25 seconds later. The S-IVB second stage took over, giving astronauts their first ride atop a load of liquid hydrogen, and at 5 minutes 54 seconds into the mission, Walter Schirra, the commander, reported "She is riding like a dream" About five minutes later an elliptical orbit had been achieved, 140 by 183 miles above the Earth

The CSM's service propulsion system, which had to fire the CSM into and out of Moon orbit, worked perfectly during eight burns lasting from half a second to 67.6 seconds. Apollo's flotation bags had their first try-out when the spacecraft, a 'lousy boat' splashed down in the Atlantic southeast of Bermuda, less than two kilometres from the planned impact point. Landing location was 27deg 32min North and 64deg 04min West. The module turned upside down; when inflated, the brightly coloured bags flipped it the right way. The astronauts were collected & transported by helicopter to the deck of the USS Essex by 08:20 EDT. Spacecraft aboard ship at 09:03

Once Apollo 7 cleared the pad, a three-shift mission control team - led by Houston flight directors Glynn Lunney, Eugene Kranz and Gerald D. Griffin - took over. Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham inside the CSM had listened to the sound of propellants rushing into the firing chambers, had noticed the vehicles swaying slightly, and had felt the vibrations at ignition. 10,5 minutes after launch, with little bumpiness and low g loads during acceleration, Apollo 7 reached the first stage of its journey, an orbital path 227 by 285 kilometres above the Earth

The S-IVB stayed with the CSM for about one and one-half orbits, then separated. Schirra fired the CSM's small rockets to pull 13 metres ahead of the S-IVB, then turned the spacecraft around to simulate docking, as would be necessary to extract an LM for a Moon landing. Next day, when the CSM and the S-IVB were about 110 kms apart, Schirra and his mates sought out the lifeless, tumbling 18 metret craft in a rendezvous simulation and approached within 22 metres

Walter Cunningham reported the spacecraft-lunar module adapter panels had not fully deployed - which naturally reminded Stafford, on the capsule communicator (CapCom) console, of the 'angry alligator' target vehicle he had encountered on his Gemini IX mission. This mishap would have been embarrassing on a mission that carried a lunar module. but the panels would be jettisoned explosively on future flights.

After this problem, service module engine performance was a joy. This was one area where the crew could not switch to a redundant or backup system; at crucial times during a lunar voyage, the engine simply had to work or they would not get back home. On Apollo 7, there were eight nearly perfect firings out of eight attempts. On the first, the crew had a real surprise. In contrast to the smooth liftoff of the Saturn, the blast from the service module engine jolted the astronauts, causing Schirra to yell "Yabadabadoo" like Fred Flintstone in the contemporary video cartoon. Later, Eisele said "We didn't quite know what to expect, but we got more than we expected." He added more graphically that it was a real boot in the rear that just plastered them into their seats. But the engine did what it was supposed to do each time it fired.

The Apollo vehicle and the CSM performed superbly. Durability was shown for 10.8 days - longer than a journey to the Moon and back. With few exceptions, the other systems in the spacecraft operated as they should. Occasionally, one of the three fuel cells supplying electricity to the craft developed some unwanted high temperatures, but load-sharing hookups among the cells prevented any power shortage. The crew complained about noisy fans in the environmental circuits and turned one of them off. That did not help much, so the men switched off the other. The cabin stayed comfortable, although the coolant lines sweated and water collected in little puddles on the deck, which the crew expected after the Kerwin team's test in the altitude chamber. Schirra's crew vacuumed the excess water out into space with the urine dump hose.

A momentary shudder went through Mission Control when both AC buses dropped out of the spacecraft's electrical system, coincident with automatic cycles of the cryogenic oxygen tank fans and heaters; but manual resetting of the AC bus breakers restored normal service.

Three of the five spacecraft windows fogged because of improperly cured sealant compound (a condition that could not be fixed until Apollo 9). Visibility from the spacecraft windows ranged from poor to good, during the mission. Shortly after the launch escape tower jettisoned, two of the windows had soot deposits and two others had water condensation. Two days later, however, Cunningham reported that most of the windows were in fairly good shape, although moisture was collecting between the inner panes of one window. On the seventh day, Schirra described essentially the same conditions.

Even with these impediments, the windows were adequate. Those used for observations during rendezvous and stationkeeping with the S-IVB remained almost clear. Navigational sighting with a telescope and a sextant on any of the 37 preselected 'Apollo' stars was difficult if done too soon after a waste-water dump. Sometimes they had to wait several minutes for the frozen particles to disperse. Eisele reported that unless he could see at least 40 or 50 stars at a time he found it hard to decide what part of the sky he was looking toward. On the whole, however, the windows were satisfactory for general and landmark observations and for out-of-the-window photography.

Most components supported the operations and well-being of the spacecraft and crew as planned, in spite of minor irritations like smudging windows and puddling water. For example, the waste management system for collecting solid body wastes was adequate, though annoying. The defecation bags, containing a germicide to prevent bacteria and gas formation, were easily sealed and stored in empty food containers in the equipment bay. But the bags were certainly not convenient and there were usually unpleasant odours. Each time they were used, it took the crew member from 45 to 60 minutes, causing him to postpone it as long as possible, waiting for a time when there was no work to do. The crew had a total of only 12 defecations over a period of nearly 11 days. Urination was much easier, as the crew did not have to remove clothing. There was a collection service for both the pressure suits and the inflight coveralls. Both devices could be attached to the urine dump hose and emptied into space. They had half expected the hose valve to freeze up in vacuum, but it never did.

Chargers for the batteries needed for re-entry (after fuel cells departed with the SM) returned 50 to 75 percent less energy than expected. Most serious was the overheating of fuel cells, which might have failed when the spacecraft was too far from Earth to return on batteries, even if fully charged. But each of these anomalies was satisfactorily checked out before Apollo 8 flew.

Some of the crew's grumpiness during the mission could be attributed to physical discomfort. About 15 hours into the flight, Schirra developed a bad cold, and Cunningham and Eisele soon followed suit. A cold is uncomfortable enough on the ground; in weightless space it presents a different problem. Mucus accumulates, filling the nasal passages, and does not drain from the head. The only relief is to blow hard, which is painful to the ear drums. So the crewmen of Apollo 7 whirled through space suffering from blocked ears and noses. They took aspirin and decongestant tablets and discussed their symptoms with the doctors.

Several days before the mission ended, they began to worry about wearing their suit helmets during re-entry. which would prevent them from blowing their noses. The buildup of pressure might burst their eardrums. Slayton, in mission control, tried to persuade them to wear the helmets, anyway, but Schirra was adamant. They each took a decongestant pill about an hour before re-entry and made it through the acceleration zone without any problems with their ears.

Apollo 7 accomplished what it set out to do - qualifying the CSM and clearing the way for the proposed lunar-orbit mission to follow. And its activities were of national interest. A special edition of NASA's news clipping collection called 'Current News' included front page stories from 32 major newspapers scattered over the length and breadth of the nation. Although the postmission celebrations may not have rivaled those for the first orbital flight of an American, John Glenn in 1962, enthusiasm was high - and this fervour would build to even greater heights each time the lunar landing goal drew one step closer.

In retrospect, it seems inconceivable, but serious debate ensued in NASA councils on whether television should be broadcast from Apollo missions, and the decision to carry the little 2 kg camera was not made until just before this October flight. Although these early pictures were crude, it was informative and good for public relations for the public to see astronauts floating weightlessly in their roomy spacecraft, snatching floating objects, and eating the first hot food consumed in space. Like the television pictures, the food improved in later missions.

Apollo 7's achievement led to a rapid review of Apollo 8's options. The Apollo 7 astronauts went through six days of debriefing for the benefit of Apollo 8, and on October 28 the Manned Space Flight Management Council chaired by Mueller met at MSC, investigating every phase of the forthcoming mission. Next day came a lengthy systems review of Apollo 8's Spacecraft 103. Paine made the go/no-go review of lunar orbit on 11 November at NASA Headquarters in Washington. By this time nearly all the skeptics had become converts.


	www.moonlandings.co.uk Apollo 1 \| Apollo 7 \| Apollo 8 \| Apollo 9 \| Apollo 10 \| Apollo 11 \| Apollo 12 \| Apollo 13 \| Apollo 14 \| Apollo 15 \| Apollo 16 \| Apollo 17 \| Apollo 18 - Soyuz \| Saturn V \| Launch Complexes \| Apollo Mission Summaries \| Apollo Facts \| Luna \| Costs Apollo 7 Launched: 11 October 1968 Splashed Down: 22 October 1968 Crew: Walter M Schirra Jr, Commander Donn F Eisele, CSM Pilot Walter Cunningham, LM Pilot Backup Crew: Thomas Stafford, Commander John Young, CSM Pilot Eugene Cernan, Lunar module pilot Following the tragedy of the January 1967 Apollo 1 launchpad fire, the success of this mission was a badly needed confidence builder. The Command Module had been extensively redesigned to eliminate the risk of another conflagration, and the programme had fallen behind schedule. This mission was primarily intended as a shakedown of the new Command Module and the Service Module, including the Service Propulsion System (SPS) that would be relied upon to place Apollo into and out of Lunar orbit. The mission was a roaring success. Because it was launched without the Lunar Module, it was able to be placed into orbit by the smaller, more extensively tested Saturn 1B rather than the magnificent but still brand-new Saturn V. The SPS performed almost flawlessly on eight separate firings, and the larger and more commodious cabin was significantly more comfortable than the cramped quarters of the Gemini flights. The eleven days in orbit, though, took their toll: The food was bad, and all three astronauts caught colds. But Apollo 7 demonstrated the spaceworthiness of the basic Apollo vehicle, and truly great deeds were very near in its future. On this flight, Wally Schirra became the only astronaut to fly on Mercury, Gemini and Apollo missions, and will forever remain the one and only man with that honour. Life Magazine front cover Mission Details: Apollo-7 (23) Pad 34 (8) Saturn-1B AS-205 CSM-101 1st Block II CSM 1st Manned CSM mission 1st 3 man American crew 1st Live TV downlink Milestones: 28/03/68 - S-1 Stage ondock at KSC 28/03/68 - S-1B Stage ondock at KSC 07/04/68 - S-IVB ondock at KSC 11/04/68 - S-IU ondock at KSC 11/05/68 - Launch Vehicle at Pad 09/08/68 - Spacecraft at Pad 17/09/68 - Countdown Demonstration Test 11/10/68 - Launch Payload: CSM-101 Mission Objective: The primary objectives for the Apollo 7 engineering test flight, were simple: "Demonstrate CSM/crew performance; demonstrate crew/space vehicle/mission support facilities performance during a manned CSM mission; demonstrate CSM rendezvous capability" Launch: 11 October 1968, 11:02:45 EST. the day of the launch at Cape Kennedy was hot but the heat was tempered by a pleasant breeze when Apollo 7 lifted off in a two-tongued blaze of orange-colored flame. The Saturn IB, in its first trial with men aboard, provided a perfect launch and its first stage dropped off 2 minutes 25 seconds later. The S-IVB second stage took over, giving astronauts their first ride atop a load of liquid hydrogen, and at 5 minutes 54 seconds into the mission, Walter Schirra, the commander, reported "She is riding like a dream" About five minutes later an elliptical orbit had been achieved, 140 by 183 miles above the Earth Orbit: Altitude: 140 x 183 miles Orbits: 163 Duration: 10 Days, 20 hours, min, seconds Splashdown: The CSM's service propulsion system, which had to fire the CSM into and out of Moon orbit, worked perfectly during eight burns lasting from half a second to 67.6 seconds. Apollo's flotation bags had their first try-out when the spacecraft, a 'lousy boat' splashed down in the Atlantic southeast of Bermuda, less than two kilometres from the planned impact point. Landing location was 27deg 32min North and 64deg 04min West. The module turned upside down; when inflated, the brightly coloured bags flipped it the right way. The astronauts were collected & transported by helicopter to the deck of the USS Essex by 08:20 EDT. Spacecraft aboard ship at 09:03 Mission Highlights: Once Apollo 7 cleared the pad, a three-shift mission control team - led by Houston flight directors Glynn Lunney, Eugene Kranz and Gerald D. Griffin - took over. Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham inside the CSM had listened to the sound of propellants rushing into the firing chambers, had noticed the vehicles swaying slightly, and had felt the vibrations at ignition. 10,5 minutes after launch, with little bumpiness and low g loads during acceleration, Apollo 7 reached the first stage of its journey, an orbital path 227 by 285 kilometres above the Earth The S-IVB stayed with the CSM for about one and one-half orbits, then separated. Schirra fired the CSM's small rockets to pull 13 metres ahead of the S-IVB, then turned the spacecraft around to simulate docking, as would be necessary to extract an LM for a Moon landing. Next day, when the CSM and the S-IVB were about 110 kms apart, Schirra and his mates sought out the lifeless, tumbling 18 metret craft in a rendezvous simulation and approached within 22 metres Walter Cunningham reported the spacecraft-lunar module adapter panels had not fully deployed - which naturally reminded Stafford, on the capsule communicator (CapCom) console, of the 'angry alligator' target vehicle he had encountered on his Gemini IX mission. This mishap would have been embarrassing on a mission that carried a lunar module. but the panels would be jettisoned explosively on future flights. After this problem, service module engine performance was a joy. This was one area where the crew could not switch to a redundant or backup system; at crucial times during a lunar voyage, the engine simply had to work or they would not get back home. On Apollo 7, there were eight nearly perfect firings out of eight attempts. On the first, the crew had a real surprise. In contrast to the smooth liftoff of the Saturn, the blast from the service module engine jolted the astronauts, causing Schirra to yell "Yabadabadoo" like Fred Flintstone in the contemporary video cartoon. Later, Eisele said "We didn't quite know what to expect, but we got more than we expected." He added more graphically that it was a real boot in the rear that just plastered them into their seats. But the engine did what it was supposed to do each time it fired. The Apollo vehicle and the CSM performed superbly. Durability was shown for 10.8 days - longer than a journey to the Moon and back. With few exceptions, the other systems in the spacecraft operated as they should. Occasionally, one of the three fuel cells supplying electricity to the craft developed some unwanted high temperatures, but load-sharing hookups among the cells prevented any power shortage. The crew complained about noisy fans in the environmental circuits and turned one of them off. That did not help much, so the men switched off the other. The cabin stayed comfortable, although the coolant lines sweated and water collected in little puddles on the deck, which the crew expected after the Kerwin team's test in the altitude chamber. Schirra's crew vacuumed the excess water out into space with the urine dump hose. A momentary shudder went through Mission Control when both AC buses dropped out of the spacecraft's electrical system, coincident with automatic cycles of the cryogenic oxygen tank fans and heaters; but manual resetting of the AC bus breakers restored normal service. Three of the five spacecraft windows fogged because of improperly cured sealant compound (a condition that could not be fixed until Apollo 9). Visibility from the spacecraft windows ranged from poor to good, during the mission. Shortly after the launch escape tower jettisoned, two of the windows had soot deposits and two others had water condensation. Two days later, however, Cunningham reported that most of the windows were in fairly good shape, although moisture was collecting between the inner panes of one window. On the seventh day, Schirra described essentially the same conditions. Even with these impediments, the windows were adequate. Those used for observations during rendezvous and stationkeeping with the S-IVB remained almost clear. Navigational sighting with a telescope and a sextant on any of the 37 preselected 'Apollo' stars was difficult if done too soon after a waste-water dump. Sometimes they had to wait several minutes for the frozen particles to disperse. Eisele reported that unless he could see at least 40 or 50 stars at a time he found it hard to decide what part of the sky he was looking toward. On the whole, however, the windows were satisfactory for general and landmark observations and for out-of-the-window photography. Most components supported the operations and well-being of the spacecraft and crew as planned, in spite of minor irritations like smudging windows and puddling water. For example, the waste management system for collecting solid body wastes was adequate, though annoying. The defecation bags, containing a germicide to prevent bacteria and gas formation, were easily sealed and stored in empty food containers in the equipment bay. But the bags were certainly not convenient and there were usually unpleasant odours. Each time they were used, it took the crew member from 45 to 60 minutes, causing him to postpone it as long as possible, waiting for a time when there was no work to do. The crew had a total of only 12 defecations over a period of nearly 11 days. Urination was much easier, as the crew did not have to remove clothing. There was a collection service for both the pressure suits and the inflight coveralls. Both devices could be attached to the urine dump hose and emptied into space. They had half expected the hose valve to freeze up in vacuum, but it never did. Chargers for the batteries needed for re-entry (after fuel cells departed with the SM) returned 50 to 75 percent less energy than expected. Most serious was the overheating of fuel cells, which might have failed when the spacecraft was too far from Earth to return on batteries, even if fully charged. But each of these anomalies was satisfactorily checked out before Apollo 8 flew. Some of the crew's grumpiness during the mission could be attributed to physical discomfort. About 15 hours into the flight, Schirra developed a bad cold, and Cunningham and Eisele soon followed suit. A cold is uncomfortable enough on the ground; in weightless space it presents a different problem. Mucus accumulates, filling the nasal passages, and does not drain from the head. The only relief is to blow hard, which is painful to the ear drums. So the crewmen of Apollo 7 whirled through space suffering from blocked ears and noses. They took aspirin and decongestant tablets and discussed their symptoms with the doctors. Several days before the mission ended, they began to worry about wearing their suit helmets during re-entry. which would prevent them from blowing their noses. The buildup of pressure might burst their eardrums. Slayton, in mission control, tried to persuade them to wear the helmets, anyway, but Schirra was adamant. They each took a decongestant pill about an hour before re-entry and made it through the acceleration zone without any problems with their ears. Apollo 7 accomplished what it set out to do - qualifying the CSM and clearing the way for the proposed lunar-orbit mission to follow. And its activities were of national interest. A special edition of NASA's news clipping collection called 'Current News' included front page stories from 32 major newspapers scattered over the length and breadth of the nation. Although the postmission celebrations may not have rivaled those for the first orbital flight of an American, John Glenn in 1962, enthusiasm was high - and this fervour would build to even greater heights each time the lunar landing goal drew one step closer. In retrospect, it seems inconceivable, but serious debate ensued in NASA councils on whether television should be broadcast from Apollo missions, and the decision to carry the little 2 kg camera was not made until just before this October flight. Although these early pictures were crude, it was informative and good for public relations for the public to see astronauts floating weightlessly in their roomy spacecraft, snatching floating objects, and eating the first hot food consumed in space. Like the television pictures, the food improved in later missions. Apollo 7's achievement led to a rapid review of Apollo 8's options. The Apollo 7 astronauts went through six days of debriefing for the benefit of Apollo 8, and on October 28 the Manned Space Flight Management Council chaired by Mueller met at MSC, investigating every phase of the forthcoming mission. Next day came a lengthy systems review of Apollo 8's Spacecraft 103. Paine made the go/no-go review of lunar orbit on 11 November at NASA Headquarters in Washington. By this time nearly all the skeptics had become converts. Apollo Programme Contents