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Ionosphere
Illustration of the upper-atmosphere temperature variability and the regions of Earth's ionosphere, which are labelled by letters. The various ionospheric peaks are the result of the various sources of atmosphere ionisation and the atmospheric chemistry at different altitudes
Above: Cosmic rays can penetrate into the atmosphere, producing many 'secondary particles' as products of their collisions with atmospheric nuclei
Above: The heliosphere is a bubble, formed by the expanding solar wind, in the material between the stars (from: NASA's Solar Connections)
